Research Journal
Practical guides, compound explainers, and quality-focused notes for the research community.
Latest Reading
Explore current articles on peptide quality, research fundamentals, and performance science.
Melanotan II vs afamelanotide (NDP-MSH, Melanotan I): a cyclic heptapeptide and a linear 13-mer built from α-MSH. Structure, receptor selectivity, status and identity testing, with PubMed sources. Research use only.
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Kisspeptin vs GnRH: one peptide drives the GnRH neuron, the other drives the pituitary. Receptors, pulsatility, desensitisation and the genetic evidence, with PubMed sources. Research use only.
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Semaglutide vs liraglutide: how DPP-4 cleavage, fatty-acid acylation and albumin binding shaped two GLP-1 analogues, with PubMed sources. Research use only.
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Ipamorelin, GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 all act on the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). How their structures, selectivity and animal pharmacokinetics differ, with PubMed sources. Research use only.
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IGF-1 vs IGF-1 LR3 compared: sequence, IGF-binding proteins, receptor binding and rat clearance data, with PubMed sources. Research use only; SPO sells native IGF-1, not LR3.
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What endotoxin (LPS) is, how it confounds cell and animal research, how LAL gel-clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic and rFC tests work, and what a peptide COA does not cover.
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How tesamorelin, sermorelin and CJC-1295 each modify native GHRH to resist DPP-4 cleavage, with a sourced comparison table and neutral regulatory history. Research use only.
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Sixty short, sourced definitions for reading peptide COAs, synthesis papers and receptor studies, from acetate salt and aspartimide to triple agonist.
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NAD+, NMN and NR compared for research: the salvage pathway, extracellular breakdown by CD38 and CD73, the disputed Slc12a8 NMN transporter, rodent data, human study designs and lab handling.
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How Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis works step by step, where deletion, insertion, racemization and counterion impurities come from, and what that means for reading a COA.
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